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Machine and Assemblage: Deleuze-Guattari and Tensions within the "Material Turn"

Ivan Yi-fan Hu · 2025–2026

Hu, Ivan Yi-fan. "Machine and Assemblage: Deleuze-Guattari and Tensions within the 'Material Turn'." B.A. thesis, Tsinghua University, 2026.

Undergraduate Thesis

Department: Rixin College

Major: Chinese Language and Literature

Name: Ivan Yi-fan Hu

Supervisor: Min'an Wang

June 2026

Abstract

Since the second half of the 20th century, the Linguistic Turn and Cultural Turn have profoundly shaped the foundational paradigms of contemporary critical theory. Under the dominance of pan-textualism, material reality has been reduced to the constitutive effect of the symbolic order. Faced with the deepening technological governance of late capitalism and the impending global ecological crisis, however, this paradigm has gradually fallen into the dual predicament of deficient explanatory power and enfeebled political efficacy, giving rise to the intellectual current of the Material Turn—a theoretical movement centred on re-empowering the reality of the thing/matter/material/object and reconstructing materialist ontology.

Within this movement, the intellectual legacy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari has been mobilized with unprecedented frequency. The co-created concepts of machine and assemblage (agencement) have been widely regarded as the core theoretical instruments for breaking through anthropocentrism and linguistic-cultural determinism, and for building a new materialist ontology. This pair of core concepts, however, has exhibited a fundamental hermeneutic split in its contemporary reception history. On the one hand, Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) represented by Levi R. Bryant, and the Machine-Oriented Ontology (MOO) he founded, follows the hermeneutic path of "(machine) object-substance-structure", developing a substantialist ontology that emphasises the endogenous powers and independent boundaries of substances. On the other hand, Assemblage Theory represented by Manuel DeLanda follows the hermeneutic path of "(assemblage) process-relation-mechanism", developing a relational ontology that prioritises the interaction of relations of exteriority and dynamic becoming. The confrontation between these two strands constitutes one of the most tense and productive divisions within the Material Turn.

This thesis draws on the "The Two Floors (Les deux étages)" framework from Deleuze's late Leibniz interpretation in The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (Le Pli : Leibniz et le Baroque), takes his transcendental empiricism (empirisme transcendantal) as its ontological foundation, and adopts the Machine-Assemblage Ontology (MAO)'s trinity of problématique-concept-architecture as its hermeneutic framework. It grasps the topological nesting and self-differentiation of Deleuze-Guattari's thought through the fractal-autopoiesis principle immanent to the thought itself, and employs a two-way hermeneutic cycle of "zigzag" in an attempt to bridge the split within the Material Turn. This thesis refuses to simply adjudicate the "correctness or error" of subsequent interpretations via fundamentalist textual philology. Instead, it frames the split as the actualization (actualisation) of the immanent tension inherent to the theoretical ontology itself, and reconstructs the disjunctive-conjunctive (disjonctif-conjonctif) tension structure of Machine-Assemblage Ontology through the zigzaging two-way hermeneutic cycle between Deleuze-Guattari's original theory and its later receptions.

This thesis first traces the problematical generative context of the concepts of machine and assemblage, revealing their evolution from a critique of dynamics to a construction of ontology. It analyses how Deleuze and Guattari, through their creative transformation of Louis Hjelmslev's glossematics, carried out their experiment of a-signifying semio(tic) (sémio(tique) a-signifiante) against the structuralist regime of representation. It further examines how they formulated a fourfold analytical model with double articulation as its core mechanism, which encompasses the horizontal axis of content/expression (contenu/expression) and the vertical axis of territorialisation/deterritorialisation (territorialisation/déterritorialisation). Ultimately, this thesis elucidates how they formed the Machine-Assemblage Ontology centred on the disjunctive-conjunctive architecture of the abstract machine (machine abstraite) of the virtual (virtuel) dimension and the concrete assemblage (agencement concret) of the actual (actuel) dimension.

On this basis, this thesis provides an in-depth dissection of the theoretical constructions and inherent limitations of the two divergent hermeneutic paths. Bryant encloses Deleuze's virtual-actual dynamics within the closed interior of isolated objects, constructing a flat ontology through his doctrine of the split-objects—the structural binary between virtual proper being and local manifestation. The transcendent "object" he thus establishes, however, severs the disjunctive-conjunctive structure of Machine-Assemblage Ontology: it strips away the dimension of transversal (transversale) connection, and also brings the generative mechanism of difference-event (différence-événement) on the pure plane of immanence (plan d'immanence) to a gradual standstill. DeLanda, for his part, translates Machine-Assemblage Ontology through nonlinear dynamics and complex systems theory. On the one hand, his scientised reconstruction refashions Deleuze-Guattari's thought into a rigorous radical realism; on the other, it implicitly introduces a transcendent "process" dominated by "relations of exteriority", which dissipates the assemblage into external-relational networks, weakens its desiring-production (production désirante) and deterritorialising lines of flight (lignes de fuite), and rigidifies and alienates it into the "image of the assemblage", namely the apparatus (dispositif).

This thesis argues that the hermeneutic confrontation between Bryant and DeLanda is not an accidental misreading of Deleuze-Guattari's thought, but rather the actualization of six disjunctive-conjunctive tensions—which are immanent and autopoietic—of Machine-Assemblage Ontology: interiority-exteriority (intériorité-extériorité), a priori-a posteriori, virtual-actual, identity-difference (identité-différence), One-multiplicity (L'Un-multiplicité), and Being-becoming (être-devenir). Through the zigzaging of this two-way hermeneutic cycle, this thesis not only uncovers the ontological root of the debate between the "(machine) object-substance-structure" and "(assemblage) process-relation-mechanism" strands within the Material Turn, but also recovers the as-yet-unexhausted immanent autopoietic tension structure of this Machine-Assemblage Ontology. In doing so, it provides a viable programme of genealogical retrospection and ontological reconstruction that escapes the negative conjunctive-disjunctive "OR (OU)" logic predicated upon the dogma of "IS (EST)", and instead steers toward the affirmative disjunctive-conjunctive "AND (ET)" logic affirmed by Deleuze himself, thereby breaking free from the binary theoretical splits in contemporary New Materialisms.

In sum, this thesis aims to think Deleuze and Guattari with the thought of Deleuze and Guattari, then to think us with the thought of Deleuze and Guattari, and finally to think us with the thought of us. In a gesture that can "carry the first time to the 'nth' power (« porter la première fois à la « nième » puissance »)"—as in Difference and Repetition (Différence et Repetition)—continually situating ourselves within the "Deleuzian century" (« Le siècle deleuzien »), that is to say, returning to Deleuze and Guattari's "Practical Realism".

Keywords: machine; assemblage; Deleuze-Guattari; the Material Turn; Object-Oriented Ontology; Machine-Oriented Ontology; Assemblage Theory

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction: The Life of Concepts1

1.1 Research Background and Research Problematics1

1.2 Research Object and Literature Review14

1.2.1 Domestic Research Review24

1.2.2 Overseas Research Review30

1.3 Research Approach and Chapter Organization37

Chapter 2 Machine and Assemblage: A Semio(tics) Experiment44

2.1 Introduction44

2.2 1968: The Rise of A-Signifying Semio(tics)50

2.3 Post-68 Era, or the Duality of A-Signifying Semio(tics)60

2.4 "Double Articulation": "Semio(tics)" as "Geo(logy)"69

Chapter 3 A Parting of the Ways: Transcendent Object, or, Transcendental Process?77

3.1 Introduction77

3.2 Anti-Correlationist Machine, or, Scientifically Reconstructed Assemblage85

3.3 The Split of Object, or, the Intensity of Process92

3.4 How Flat, What Ontology?101

Chapter 4 Conclusion: The Tensions of the "Material Turn"109

4.1 The Autopoietic Tensions: From "Conjunction-Disjunction" to "Disjunction-Conjunction"109

4.2 One Architecture, Six Tensions118

4.3 "God Made the World by Playing"131

References144

Appendix A Written Translations of Foreign-Language Materials159

Research Project Ensembles and Multiplicities (2 Manuscripts)159

Immanence: A Life159

The Actual and the Virtual166

Leibniz and the Baroque Seminar II: Principles and Freedom (Excerpt. Trans.)172

Acknowledgements186

Declaration188